1998 Traffic Accident on California I 15 Kills Family Members

1988 fatal traffic collision

Carrollton motorbus collision
Details
Date	May 14, 1988 10:55 pm (EDT)
Location	Interstate 71 5 mi (viii.0 km) South from Carrollton, Kentucky
Coordinates	38°36′nineteen″North 85°ten′xiii″W  /  38.605241°N 85.170261°Due west  / 38.605241; -85.170261
Country	Us
Incident type	Caput-on collision resulting in catastrophic fire of bus
Cause	Pickup truck driver driving nether the influence in incorrect direction; Egress difficulties impairing bus evacuation (secondary)
Statistics
Vehicles	1977 Ford B-700; 1987 Toyota Hilux; 1977 Cadillac de Ville
Passengers	67
Deaths	27
Injured	34

The Carrollton bus collision occurred on May 14, 1988, on Interstate 71 in unincorporated Carroll County, Kentucky. The standoff involved a former schoolhouse bus in employ past a church youth group and a pickup truck driven past an alcohol-impaired commuter. The head-on collision was the deadliest incident involving boozer driving and the 3rd-deadliest bus crash in U.S. history. Of the 67 people on the autobus (counting the driver), there were 27 fatalities in the crash, the same number equally the 1958 Prestonsburg bus disaster, and backside the 1976 Yuba City autobus disaster (29) and 1963 Chualar double-decker crash (32).

In the aftermath of the disaster, several family unit members of victims became active leaders of Mothers Against Drunkard Driving, and 1—Karolyn Nunnallee—became national president of the system. The standards for both operation and equipment for schoolhouse buses and similar buses were improved in Kentucky and many other states. These include an increased number of emergency exits, higher standards for structural integrity, and the use of less volatile diesel. On Interstate 71, the crash site is marked with a highway sign erected by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Memorial items such as crosses and flower arrangements are regularly placed at the site by families and friends.

Background [edit]

On May 14, 1988, a youth group mostly consisting of teenagers who attended North Hardin Loftier School, James T. Alton Middle Schoolhouse, Radcliff Middle School and iv adults from Assembly of God church building in Radcliff, Kentucky, boarded their church bus and headed to Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio, about 170 miles (270 km) from Radcliff. The group included church building members and their invited guests. As anybody arrived early that Saturday morn, the number of those wanting to go on the trip had grown to more than originally anticipated. The church's master pastor, who did not join the trip, restricted the ridership to the legal limit of 66 persons plus the driver.

Bus [edit]

The bus involved in the crash was a former schoolhouse bus, configured with a bus body mated to a medium-duty truck chassis and frame. The 1977 model-yr Ford B700 chassis was mated to a Superior school jitney body. The vehicle was designed with a capacity of 66 passengers and a commuter, including 11 rows of 39-inch broad seats, separated by a 12-inch central aisle.

Ford Motor Company manufactured the B700 chassis at its Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville, Kentucky; it was then shipped to Superior Coach Company of Lima, Ohio. A company owned by industrial conglomerate Sheller-Globe Corporation,^[ane] Superior manufactured the school bus torso that was installed on the Ford B700 chassis. The vehicle was certified equally a "school bus" with an effective build date of March 23, 1977, the date associated with the structure of the Ford chassis (as required past federal regulations^[2]).

Both the vehicle blazon and the build date would later on serve as important legal distinctions. The bus was manufactured on March 23, 1977, just nine days before four major federal prophylactic standards were to have consequence for school bus product.^[three] In addition to upgraded rollover protection, school buses produced on or after Apr 1, 1977 were required to exist designed with improved structural integrity in trunk joints, better seating protection in crashes, and improved fuel system protection (to reduce spills and fires).^[3]

The completed bus was delivered in time for employ during the 1977–78 school twelvemonth, and served ten years in use as a school bus. Radcliff Assembly of God acquired the used school bus as surplus from the Meade County school commune, and it had been endemic by the church for almost one year equally a church motorbus. In July 1987, the church successfully made the same round trip with the bus to Kings Island. Along with short local moves on school days, the church also collection the bus successfully on several other long trips. It was maintained regularly by mechanically-inclined church building members, including a civilian motor puddle supervisor from nearby Fort Knox. A week before the 1988 Kings Island trip, the bus received ii new tires of a good commercial quality; the front-terminate suspension and steering components were likewise examined at that time.^[4] The 11-year old vehicle was considered to be in good mechanical condition on May 14, 1988.

Trip [edit]

On the trip, the bus was driven by John Pearman, a role-time associate pastor of the church who was a local court clerk.^[five] The group left the church early that morning and traveled uneventfully to the park. They spent the whole day and early on evening at Kings Island, and then boarded the charabanc and began traveling out of Ohio and back into Northern Kentucky toward Radcliff. After about an 60 minutes, they stopped to fill the threescore-gallon (227-litre) fuel tank with gasoline, then resumed the trip southward.^[6]

Collision [edit]

At 10:55 p.m., while heading due south on Interstate 71 exterior of Carrollton, Kentucky, the passenger vehicle collided almost caput-on with a black 1987 Toyota pickup truck which was traveling the incorrect way (n in the southbound lanes) at a high speed on a curved stretch of the highway.^[7] The minor truck was driven past Larry Wayne Mahoney, a 34-year-one-time factory worker who was intoxicated.^[8] Mahoney later admitted he had been drinking in a bar and at a friend's firm prior to the collision. Constabulary too establish a twelve-pack of Miller Lite beer in Mahoney's truck which was still cold and had several cans missing.^[9]

During the collision, the left rear of the pickup truck spun 90 degrees to the right and, while doing so, struck the left side of a 1977 Cadillac Sedan de Ville heading in the same direction of the motorbus causing damage to the back driver'south door and vinyl roof. The machine had broken glass along with red plastic material that was from the taillight lens of the Toyota. The right front of the pickup truck struck the right front of the charabanc, breaking off the coach's interruption and driving the leaf leap backward into the gas tank mounted behind an exterior panel but exterior the heavier frame, just behind the step well for the front door, rendering the door inoperative. The front door was blocked past collision damage, and there were no emergency exit windows or roof hatches, as found on commercial buses and some school buses of the time.

Nobody aboard the bus was seriously injured by the bodily collision between the 2 vehicles (though both vehicle drivers sustained injuries). However, the impact of the standoff created a secondary state of affairs, as the correct front suspension of the Ford chassis broke off through the bus stepwell, puncturing the gasoline fuel tank and igniting the fuel supply.^[ten] When fire commencement broke out immediately afterwards the collision, motorcoach driver John Pearman tried to put information technology out with a pocket-sized fire extinguisher while passengers began to evacuate through the center rear emergency door, squeezing through the narrow opening between the 2 rear seats and jumping to the ground.

A survivor recounted the blow and the quick fourth dimension betwixt everything, stating: "We knew we hit something, and...all the kids got upward in the aisle thinking nosotros were gonna get off. And within twenty second you felt the heat come up in the bus. You started hearing kids crying and screaming for their mom, panicking. That'south when everybody started pushing on everybody to go one fashion."^[xi] Another remembered startling awake after the accident and attempting to escape through a window only it refused to open, before rushing to the dorsum.^[12]

Survivors stated that after elimination the small fire extinguisher, Pearman helped some of the many children notice their way down the narrow and night aisle to the only practical manner out of the fume-filled bus. Co-ordinate to the NTSB investigation, more than than 60 persons trying to reach the only available leave (the rear emergency door) created a crush of bodies in the 12 inch-wide aisle. Many passengers found themselves unable to move. A drink libation which had been earlier placed in the alley almost row 10 (of 11 rows of seats) further exacerbated this problem.^[7] A pileup of passengers formed in and adjacent to the twelve-inch (30 cm) aisle leading to the rear door, which was partially blocked by seat backs from the concluding row and a libation stored in the aisle well-nigh row 10.

Attempts past some of the other passengers to suspension or kick out any of the separate-sash-type side windows were unsuccessful. Only 1 developed, a adult female who was of small stature, managed to escape through a nine-inch (23 cm) opening side window. When she looked support from the footing, the window opening was filled with flames. The other iii adults aboard, including Pearman, died. Passersby and some of the escaped passengers helped to excerpt immobilized children through the rear door, and help them to ground level near 3 ft (0.91 yard) below.^[xiii] A survivor recounted how when he reached the back door; "Someone on the outside grabbed my arm, put their foot on the bumper and literally pulled me out. I striking the cobblestone and started running...I could hear the screams and the explosions."^[12]

However, inside four minutes or less, the entire autobus was on burn, and soon the exodus of passengers stopped. At that signal, the passersby who had stopped to help could not achieve those notwithstanding aboard due to the raging fire, and turned their efforts to tending to the crowd of 40 by and large injured survivors. Before long the entire interior of the omnibus flashed over, ultimately called-for the trapped 27 people remaining aboard. At that bespeak, no more passengers were attainable from outside the bus.

After fire, rescue, and Kentucky State Police troopers responded to the scene, treated and transported survivors, and extinguished the burn, a crane was used to load the bus onto a flatbed truck that transported the bus and those persons killed to the National Guard Armory in Carrollton. There, the KSP and the Carroll County coroner went through the interior of the omnibus seat by seat to observe and remove bodies. About of the bodies were burned beyond recognition.^[14]

Victims [edit]

In total, 26 passengers and the bus driver died, 34 passengers were injured, and six passengers escaped the bus without serious injury. Larry Mahoney, the driver of the Toyota pickup, sustained injuries from the collision.^[14] Of the deceased children, they ranged in historic period from 10 to 17-years-old with a bulk aged betwixt 13 and 14-years-old.^[fifteen]

Many bodies were institute facing the only exit, the rear door. The coroner later adamant that none of the charabanc occupants suffered cleaved bones or mortal injuries from the crash impact; all had died from the fire and fume.

Among the bus survivors, ane person's leg from just below the knee had to be amputated, and nearly ten others suffered disfiguring burns. Only 6 passenger vehicle passengers were uninjured and virtually all suffered varying degrees of emotional trauma and survivor guilt syndrome.

As of Feb 2010, this collision had the highest decease and injury cost of any schoolhouse bus crash in United States history; a crash almost Prestonsburg, Kentucky, in 1958 also claimed 27 lives, but there were not equally many boosted injuries.

Investigation [edit]

The National Transportation Safety Board responded, conducted an investigation and issued a report on March 28, 1989.

Nigh 10:55 p.m. EDT on May 14, 1988, a pickup truck traveling northbound in the southbound lanes of Interstate 71 struck head-on a church activeness autobus traveling southbound in the left lane of the highway near Carrollton, Kentucky. Equally the pickup truck rotated during impact, it struck a rider car traveling southbound in the right lane near the church bus. The church omnibus fuel tank was punctured during the standoff sequence, and a burn down ensued, engulfing the unabridged charabanc. The bus driver and 26 bus passengers were fatally injured. 30-iv motorbus passengers sustained pocket-size to critical injuries, and six bus passengers were not injured. The pickup truck driver sustained serious injuries, but neither occupant of the rider car was injured.^[16]

The NTSB determined that "the likely crusade of the standoff between the pickup truck and the church activity bus was the booze-impaired condition of the pickup truck commuter who operated his vehicle opposite to the direction of traffic flow on an interstate highway."^[16] The agency also found that the design of the 11-twelvemonth-old bus besides contributed to the fatalities. The bus'south fuel tank was unprotected, seat covers were made of flammable material, and the rear get out was partially blocked past a row of seats.^[17] Following the NTSB report, and much sooner in many instances, many federal, state, and local agencies and bus manufacturers changed regulations, vehicle features, and operating practices.

The board recommended the phaseout of buses non meeting the federal standards established in 1977. The standards required all new school buses to take stronger fuel tanks, stronger seats and more accessible emergency exits. At the time the report was issued, about 22% of school buses in use nationwide were congenital before the standards were in place.^[17] The board also recommended stricter punishments for drunk driving.^[17]

Legal [edit]

There was considerable civil litigation. Ford Motor Company, Sheller-Globe Corporation, and others eventually contributed to settlements with all victims and/or their families.

Truck driver [edit]

Mahoney had been previously arrested for driving under the influence in 1984, for which he was fined US$300 and his driver'southward license was suspended for six months.^[18] His blood alcohol concentration (BAC) two hours after the crash was .24 percent—substantially more than the 1988 Kentucky legal limit of .x.^[19] Mahoney had no retention of the crash and learned of the collision afterwards waking in the hospital the next solar day.^[20]

Mahoney was indicted July 23, 1988, on 27 counts of murder. He pleaded not guilty, and bond was ready at $270,000, $x,000 for every death in the crash. Prosecutors initially planned to seek an indictment for majuscule murder charges, but decided not to file those charges.^[21] Mahoney posted bail and was released from jail in October of 1988. On December 21, 1989, Mahoney was plant guilty of all charges.^[22] He was sentenced to imprisonment for sixteen years after a jury of the Carroll Circuit Court, under Indictment No. 88-CR-27, convicted him of 27 counts of manslaughter in the second degree, sixteen counts of set on in the 2d degree, and 27 counts of wanton endangerment in the commencement degree.^[23] At trial, he was represented by the Cleveland, Ohio, criminal defence lawyer, William L. Summers. On entreatment, in Case No. 1988-CA-1635, Judge Anthony G. Wilhoit of the Kentucky Court of Appeals reversed Mahoney's conviction for drunkard driving on the grounds that information technology constituted double jeopardy nether the Kentucky Constitution, ruling that the 27 counts of manslaughter in the second caste subsumed the drunk-driving conviction. The court ruled that, under Kentucky law, the elements of drunk driving were essentially similar to those of manslaughter. This meant that Mahoney's driver's license could be reinstated, even during his imprisonment. The Kentucky Supreme Court subsequently reversed this line of reasoning in another case, Justice five. Democracy, 987 S.W.2d 306 (Ky. December 17, 1998). On May 6, 1992, the Kentucky Supreme Courtroom denied review of Mahoney's appeal in Case No. 1992-SC-98.

At the Kentucky State Reformatory, Mahoney worked in the medium-security facility equally a clerk. He earned his GED high school equivalency diploma and attended Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.^[24] Described by government as a model prisoner, Mahoney reduced his incarceration by 6 years with good beliefs, known under Kentucky law as "good time" credit. He declined the Kentucky Parole Board'southward parole recommendation and served out his sentence, before leaving the prison in La Grange, on September 1, 1999, having served nine and a half years.^[25] Local telly stations broadcast video of him walking out of the prison.

That week, according to a published account in The Courier-Journal (Louisville), some survivors of the crash and families of the victims had said that they were willing to forgive Mahoney although the disaster marked forever the congregation of the Beginning Assembly of God, which had many members on the jitney. "I feel a little bit sorry for him", Katrina Henderson, then 23, told The Courier-Journal in 1998. "He didn't wake up one solar day and say 'I'm going to kill 27 people.' That's non to have any blame away from him. I retrieve that he is a person who fabricated some very bad choices and he paid for those choices", said Henderson, who was age 12 when she survived the wreck. The victims were members of a church building, and many felt called past their religious beliefs to forgive him.^{[ citation needed ]}

During his trial, the thought was discussed that Mahoney could save lives past talking to schoolhouse groups, but Mahoney has and then far declined.

Co-ordinate to a story by The Cincinnati Enquirer in 2003, Mahoney was living in quiet, self-imposed obscurity in rural Owen County, Kentucky, most x miles (xvi km) from the crash site.^[23]

Aftermath [edit]

Changes in Kentucky [edit]

Shortly later on the collision, governor Wallace Wilkinson ordered his cabinet to review the country'south drunk driving laws and bus condom regulations. At a news conference on May 20, 1988, Wilkinson appear stricter enforcement of drunk driving past the state, including police sobriety checkpoints and more frequent inspections past country Alcoholic Beverage Control. The governor also indicated back up for increased safe standards for buses and training for bus drivers, and the country began offering free rubber inspections for privately endemic buses.^[26]

Kentucky now requires all schoolhouse buses to have 9 emergency exits—more than any other federal or land standard. This includes forepart and dorsum doors, a side door, four emergency windows and ii roof exits.^[27] The bus that crashed at Carrollton had only front end and back exits, which was to exist expected, equally the bus was congenital years before tougher standards were enacted.^[28]

Buses used by Kentucky schools must also take a cage around the fuel tank, a stronger frame and roof to resist crumpling on bear upon and rollover, high-backed seats, extra seat padding, a fuel organization that slows leaks, flame-retardant seats and floors, cogitating record on all emergency exits, an eight-inch (twenty cm) wide black band with the commune name in white letters on the side, and strobe lights on the outside. Schools as well must have a diesel fuel-powered fleet. (Unlike gasoline, diesel fuel is non highly flammable.)

In 1991, Kentucky enacted stricter boozer driving laws.

School bus and church autobus standards and regulations [edit]

A contributing factor to the crash itself and the severity seemed to be loopholes between the laws and procedures for a schoolhouse charabanc and those involving the aforementioned vehicle after it was released from school service, but continued to exist used for transporting passengers in non-school utilise. (Had the charabanc been congenital new in March 1977 for the not-school use such as a church building activity bus, the applicable federal motor vehicle standards in identify at that time would have required it to accept been built with more emergency exits than were required for school buses). One of the NTSB recommendations later on the Carrollton Bus Disaster was that school buses have no fewer emergency exits than required of non-school buses.

Some states as well crave that the commonly different seating capacities for children and adults be displayed near the service door of school buses and non-school buses. Most states consider secondary schoolhouse (heart and high school) age students to be adults with regards to the infinite occupied in jitney seats and aisles by their bodies.

MADD and drunk driving prevention [edit]

The collision riveted the nation's attention on the trouble of drunken driving as never before and has been credited in role with causing the steady decline in the number of alcohol-related fatalities. Mothers Against Drunk Driving, a grassroots organization, worked both before and after the Carrollton crash to reduce the hazards created by drunk (or drinking) drivers.

Ane of the victims, the youngest killed on the fatal coach, was x-twelvemonth-old Patricia "Patty" Susan Nunnallee. Patty'southward female parent, Karolyn Nunnallee, became an active member of MADD after the crash, eventually condign MADD's national president.^[29] Patty's female parent wrote on MADD'south memorial web page to Patty: They were traveling on a school autobus, and so I thought she'd exist safe.

Janey Fair, whose 14-yr-sometime daughter Shannon was killed, get a national volunteer for MADD, and rose within the organization to get national vice president.^[29] She was also caput of the Kentucky Victims Coalition. According to the MADD website, "MADD helped me detect my inner strength and come across that life could go on," Janey said. "I have found I tin brand existent changes in people's attitudes about drinking and driving and in how our government addresses this disquisitional problem. Additionally, I can help other victims move forward in their lives." Her husband also became active locally in MADD.

Joy Williams, wife of Lee Williams, a pastor of the church, and their ii young daughters, Kristen and Robin, were amidst those killed. Dotty Pearman's married man, John Pearman, acquaintance pastor at the church and the bus commuter, was too killed while their daughter, Christy, was involved in the crash and survived. In the year later the crash, Lee Williams and Dotty Pearman, who barely knew each other before the crash, became friends and eventually married.^[xxx] Lee and Dotty Williams too volunteer for MADD. Lee is a onetime chapter president of MADD in Hardin Canton, Kentucky, and Amorous is the current president. The couple often speaks to schoolhouse groups, assists with wellness fairs and participates in other local events. "If I can persuade one person not to drink and drive, I've won", said Dotty. "I especially think it is important to educate children early on about the dangers of drinking and driving. Nosotros need to address the outcome of alcohol with youth before it becomes a problem."

Memorials [edit]

Ford Motor Company paid for a black marble memorial in North Hardin Memorial Gardens Cemetery in Radcliff, Kentucky. The rock lists the names of all of the persons who were aboard the bus during the crash. The Kentucky Transportation Chiffonier has two small signs, i in each direction of I-71, reading "SITE OF FATAL Double-decker CRASH MAY 14, 1988" at the site of the crash. In that location has been some controversy over the signs.^[23]

One of the survivors of the crash created a memorial and anti drunk driving bulletin using a similar bus to the one in the blow, with the photos of the twenty-7 deceased students and the bulletin "Xx-seven reasons not to drink and bulldoze" affixed to it.^[eleven]

Depiction in media [edit]

Among the many media agencies that provided thorough coverage, The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky, received the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting for its coverage.

The collision and its aftermath, including efforts of some of the families to obtain more than financial settlements, were chronicled by writer James S. Kunen in his 1994 book Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Government Indifference, and the Kentucky School Double-decker Crash.^[31]

In 2013, MADD produced a documentary virtually the crash titled Touch on: After the Crash.^[32]

See also [edit]

• List of traffic collisions

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 182–three.
2. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 185.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards". School Transportation News. August 25, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
4. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 17–eight.
5. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 18.
6. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 27–9.
7. ^ ^{a b} Keneally, Meghan (May 13, 2018). "30 years after 27 died in worst drunk-driving crash, survivors ask if enough has changed". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
8. ^ Copeland, Larry (May 12, 2013). "Survivors recall deadliest drunken-driving crash". Usa Today . Retrieved May xiv, 2018.
9. ^ Robin 1991, pp. 75–six.
10. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 36.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Carroll Co. jitney crash survivor using like bus to spread DUI bulletin". WDRB . Retrieved May 22, 2021.
12. ^ ^{a b} Dodd, Johnny (May xiv, 2013). "Bear on: Subsequently the Crash Shares Lessons from Worst Drunk Driving Crash in History". PEOPLE.com. Archived from the original on January xxx, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
13. ^ Kunen 1994, p. 38.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kunen 1994, p. 73.
15. ^ Noble, Greg (May 5, 2016). "From The Vault: Carrollton double-decker crash shocked Tri-State in 1988; Day of fun at Kings Island ended in 27 deaths". WCPO. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
16. ^ ^{a b} Highway Accident Report (Report). National Transportation Safe Board. March 28, 1989. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
17. ^ ^{a b c} "NTSB seeks measures after school charabanc crash". Park City Daily News. Associated Printing. March 29, 1989. p. i-A.
18. ^ Robin 1991, p. 76.
19. ^ Robin 1991, p. 75.
20. ^ Kunen, James S. (Jan eight, 1990). "Drunkard Driver Larry Mahoney Gets 16 Years for the Kentucky Bus Crash That Claimed 27 Lives". People . Retrieved Apr 7, 2019.
21. ^ "Family TO Raise BOND FOR INDICTED Driver - The Washington Mail service".
22. ^ AP News
23. ^ ^{a b c} Crowley, Patrick (May 14, 2003). "Drunken commuter lives in obscurity". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
24. ^ Kunen 1994, pp. 339–40.
25. ^ "KENTUCKY: Deadliest drunken driver released".
26. ^ Chellgren, Mark R. (May 21, 1988). "Governor vows autobus safe efforts". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. p. 1A.
27. ^ Schmitt, Erin (December 13, 2016). "School officials talk bus safety, seat belts". The Henderson Gleaner . Retrieved June 23, 2019.
28. ^ Committee on Energy & Commerce: House of Representatives (1989). Safety Implications of the Kentucky Schoolbus Crash. University of California: Usa Government Printing Office.
29. ^ ^{a b} Wolfe, Charles (May 14, 1998). "10 years after crash, cardinal flaw in school buses remains". The Kentucky Mail. E. W. Scripps Visitor. Archived from the original on November 3, 2005.
30. ^ Ewry, Charles (Dec 25, 2002). "fourteen years later, Carrollton coach crash still vivid". The Corydon Democrat . Retrieved March 30, 2014.
31. ^ Kunen, James S (1994). Reckless Disregard: Corporate Greed, Regime Indifference, and the Kentucky School Bus Crash. University of Michigan: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0671705334.
32. ^ Dodd, Johnny (May 14, 2013). "Survivors of the Worst Boozer Driving Crash in History Look Dorsum". People . Retrieved April 7, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Kunen, James S. (1994). Reckless Condone: Corporate Greed, Regime Indifference, and the Kentucky School Bus Crash . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-671-70533-4.
• Robin, Gerald D. (1991). Waging the Battle against Drunk Driving: Bug, Countermeasures, and Effectiveness. New York: Praeger. ISBN0-275-94040-iii.

External links [edit]

• Cincinnati Enquirer (1998): 10th Anniversary of 1988 Bus Crash, with links
• Cincinnati Enquirer (1998): Larry Mahoney on the 10th Anniversary of 1988 Bus Crash
• Collins, Michael (May fifteen, 1998). "Roads safer after tragic Carrollton bus crash". The Kentucky Post. Eastward. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on February ii, 2006.
• Pentecostal Evangel (February 29, 2004): Inferno on Interstate 71

Coordinates: 38°36′18.74″N 85°ten′12.66″Westward  /  38.6052056°N 85.1701833°W  / 38.6052056; -85.1701833

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton_bus_collision

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